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The Complex Elements Of Japanese Printing Techniques In The Past
Japanese prints are, till this very day, developed from etched wooden blocks.
The technique employed to produce Japanese prints is also called "wood engraving" or "woodcut printing".
A unique 4-step procedure:
The creation of Japanese woodblock prints involves the joining of four different tradesmen / artists:
#1. That of the designer: during the period of traditional engraving, the designer would paint a black outline on white paper in order to give an illustration of the ultimate image to the color printer.
From the twentieth century, the designer usually paints a watercolor picture. He then delivers this to the engraver and printer. It is almost always the identify of the designer that history of art recalls (eg. Utamaro, Hokusai, Hiroshige and the like, they were all designers of Japanese Ukiyo-e prints).
#2. That of the carver: he carves, sculpts rather, blocks of timber, each and every block for a different color to be used in the eventual printing process.
#3. That of the printer: he applies the colors on the blocks and then pushes each block successively on to the unique Japanese paper. He creates the different color gradients, which were notably virtuosic in the "Shin-hanga" posters. These gradients are called "Bokashi" in the Japanese language.
#4. The publisher: this is the "chief". He locates the talents necessary to produce these pieces of art; the designers, engravers, and printers. He then places them under contract and coordinates them in an effort to produce the engraved artwork. The publisher's name is known to us only when the works are pieces of excellent cartoonists (eg. Tsutaya, publisher of Utamaro).
At the moment, the techniques of producing a handcrafted print remains as detailed above. Yet the 20th century observed the birth of a new approach, where the artist / designer produces his own prints. This method is now known as the "Sosaku-Hanga" (Creative Engraving).
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